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data/oldest-signatures-enriched.json

398 lines

[
  {
    "name": "GAR.AMA (Uruk scribe)",
    "approx_date": "c. 3100 BCE",
    "era_sort": -3100,
    "category_type": "clay colophon",
    "what_was_signed": "Proto-cuneiform lexical clay tablet listing 41 titles/professions (Schøyen MS 2429/4), Sumer",
    "significance": "Cited by the Schøyen Collection as the earliest extant autograph signature — a named scribe signing a lexical list.",
    "signature_image_available": "no",
    "signature_image_url": "",
    "source_url": "https://www.schoyencollection.com/scribes-collection/scribal-training/lexical-list-oldest-autograph-ms-2494-4",
    "notes": "Scribal colophon impressed in wet clay, not cursive handwriting.",
    "met_query": "cuneiform tablet",
    "sig_thumb_url": "",
    "sig_local": "",
    "met_object_id": 329081,
    "met_title": "Proto-Cuneiform tablet with seal impressions: administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars",
    "met_date": "ca. 3100–2900 BCE",
    "met_culture": "Sumerian",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/an/web-large/DP293243.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329081",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-gar-ama-uruk-scribe.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Kushim (Uruk accountant)",
    "approx_date": "c. 3200–3000 BCE",
    "era_sort": -3100,
    "category_type": "clay colophon",
    "what_was_signed": "18 proto-cuneiform barley-account tablets bearing the name 'Kushim', Uruk (mostly Louvre)",
    "significance": "Widely cited as the oldest recorded personal name in history — an accountant's mark on institutional barley receipts.",
    "signature_image_available": "no",
    "signature_image_url": "",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushim_(Uruk_period)",
    "notes": "CONTESTED: 'Kushim' may be a title/office, not a person (Harari popularized it; Assyriologists are split). Impressed clay, not a handwritten autograph.",
    "met_query": "cuneiform tablet account",
    "sig_thumb_url": "",
    "sig_local": "",
    "met_object_id": 329081,
    "met_title": "Proto-Cuneiform tablet with seal impressions: administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars",
    "met_date": "ca. 3100–2900 BCE",
    "met_culture": "Sumerian",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/an/web-large/DP293243.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329081",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-kushim-uruk-accountant.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Inspector Merer",
    "approx_date": "c. 2560 BCE",
    "era_sort": -2560,
    "category_type": "papyrus log",
    "what_was_signed": "The Diary of Merer (Wadi el-Jarf Papyrus) — first-person logbook of Great Pyramid logistics, 26th year of Khufu",
    "significance": "World's oldest surviving inscribed papyrus, written by a named first-person official.",
    "signature_image_available": "no",
    "signature_image_url": "",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_Merer",
    "notes": "A first-person record, not a discrete signature.",
    "met_query": "Egyptian papyrus Old Kingdom",
    "sig_thumb_url": "",
    "sig_local": "",
    "met_object_id": 551898,
    "met_title": "Composite Papyrus Capital",
    "met_date": "380–343 B.C.",
    "met_culture": "Egyptian Art",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/eg/web-large/10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/551898",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-inspector-merer.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Enheduanna",
    "approx_date": "c. 2285–2250 BCE",
    "era_sort": -2270,
    "category_type": "clay colophon",
    "what_was_signed": "Cuneiform colophons on the 'Exaltation of Inanna' hymns; named on the alabaster Disc of Enheduanna (Penn Museum B16665)",
    "significance": "Earliest known named author in literary history; signed her own literary colophons.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Disk_of_Enheduanna.JPG",
    "source_url": "https://www.worldhistory.org/Enheduanna/",
    "notes": "The disc is sculpted, not handwritten; surviving tablet copies postdate her by centuries (attribution debated).",
    "met_query": "Akkadian cylinder seal",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Disk_of_Enheduanna.JPG/960px-Disk_of_Enheduanna.JPG",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-enheduanna.png",
    "met_object_id": 329090,
    "met_title": "Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene",
    "met_date": "ca. 2250–2150 BCE",
    "met_culture": "Akkadian",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/an/web-large/DT860.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329090",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-enheduanna.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Cleopatra VII",
    "approx_date": "33 BCE",
    "era_sort": -33,
    "category_type": "cursive (contested)",
    "what_was_signed": "Papyrus Bingen 45 — royal tax-exemption decree for P. Canidius; bottom word 'ginesthoi' (γινέσθωι, 'so be it')",
    "significance": "Argued by some scholars to be the only surviving handwritten word by Cleopatra.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Bingen_45",
    "notes": "HOTLY DISPUTED (van Minnen/Zimmermann vs. Sarri/Bagnall) — may be a scribe's hand throughout.",
    "met_query": "Ptolemaic Egypt papyrus",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-cleopatra-vii.png",
    "met_object_id": 259138,
    "met_title": "Plaster cast of a metal emblema of Isis-Tyche",
    "met_date": "2nd half of the 3rd century – 2nd century B.C",
    "met_culture": "Egyptian",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/web-large/sftr236ab2012.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/259138",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-cleopatra-vii.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Charlemagne",
    "approx_date": "c. 769–814 CE",
    "era_sort": 790,
    "category_type": "seal monogram",
    "what_was_signed": "Carolingian royal diplomas bearing the cruciform 'signum manus' monogram spelling KAROLVS (~180 originals)",
    "significance": "Authenticated royal mark of the most important medieval Western ruler.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne_autograph.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signum_manus",
    "notes": "Monogram device drawn by scribes; Charlemagne may have added only the central stroke. Not cursive.",
    "met_query": "Carolingian manuscript",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/960px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-charlemagne.png",
    "met_object_id": 464278,
    "met_title": "Triptych",
    "met_date": "1250–1260",
    "met_culture": "North French",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/md/web-large/DP142954.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464278",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-charlemagne.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Pope Leo IX",
    "approx_date": "c. 1049–1054 CE",
    "era_sort": 1051,
    "category_type": "seal device (rota)",
    "what_was_signed": "Papal bulls bearing the first 'rota' — a wheel-and-cross authentication device with the pope's name",
    "significance": "First pope to adopt the rota, the standard papal authentication for centuries.",
    "signature_image_available": "no",
    "signature_image_url": "",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)",
    "notes": "Chancery-drawn symbol, not cursive handwriting.",
    "met_query": "medieval papal bull seal",
    "sig_thumb_url": "",
    "sig_local": "",
    "met_object_id": 436282,
    "met_title": "The Crucifixion; The Last Judgment",
    "met_date": "ca. 1436–38",
    "met_culture": "European Paintings",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ep/web-large/LC-33_92ab-Primary_Temp.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436282",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-pope-leo-ix.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar)",
    "approx_date": "1098 CE",
    "era_sort": 1098,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Charter endowing the Cathedral of Valencia; 'ego Ruderico … afirmo' (Cathedral of Salamanca archive)",
    "significance": "Widely called the oldest surviving handwritten cursive autograph of a famous named individual.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Signature_of_El_Cid.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid",
    "notes": "A genuine cursive Latin subscription — the first 'true autograph' tier in this list.",
    "met_query": "medieval Spanish illuminated manuscript",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_of_El_Cid.svg/960px-Signature_of_El_Cid.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-el-cid-rodrigo-d-az-de-vivar.png",
    "met_object_id": 466191,
    "met_title": "Leaf from a Beatus Manuscript: at the Clarion of the Fifth Angel's Trumpet, a Star Falls from the Sky; the Bottomless Pit is Opened with a Key; Emerging from the Smoke, Locusts Come Upon the Earth and Torment the Deathless",
    "met_date": "ca. 1180",
    "met_culture": "Spanish",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/cl/web-large/DP-20629-001.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466191",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-el-cid-rodrigo-d-az-de-vivar.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Isabella I of Castile",
    "approx_date": "c. 1474–1504 CE",
    "era_sort": 1492,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Royal decrees incl. the 1492 Capitulations of Santa Fe (Columbus), signed 'Yo la Reina'",
    "significance": "Her 'Yo la Reina' authorized the European encounter with the Americas.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_I_of_Castile_Signature.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile",
    "notes": "Genuine cursive autograph.",
    "met_query": "Spanish Renaissance",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isabella_I_of_Castile_Signature.svg/960px-Isabella_I_of_Castile_Signature.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-isabella-i-of-castile.png",
    "met_object_id": 207259,
    "met_title": "Pendant with the Virgin and Child",
    "met_date": "probably first half 17th century",
    "met_culture": "European Sculpture and Decorative Arts",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/es/web-large/DP-36189-001.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207259",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-isabella-i-of-castile.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Michelangelo Buonarroti",
    "approx_date": "1499 CE",
    "era_sort": 1499,
    "category_type": "carved + cursive",
    "what_was_signed": "The Pietà sash (St. Peter's): 'MICHAEL.ANGELUS.BONAROTUS.FLORENT.FACIEBAT'; 342 autograph letters (Casa Buonarroti)",
    "significance": "The Pietà is the only artwork he ever signed.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Signature2.svg",
    "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Signatures_of_Michelangelo_Buonarroti",
    "notes": "Pietà signature is carved marble; handwritten letter signatures also survive.",
    "met_query": "Michelangelo drawing",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Michelangelo_Signature2.svg/960px-Michelangelo_Signature2.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-michelangelo-buonarroti.png",
    "met_object_id": 435844,
    "met_title": "The Musicians",
    "met_date": "1597",
    "met_culture": "European Paintings",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ep/web-large/DP-687-001.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435844",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-michelangelo-buonarroti.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Leonardo da Vinci",
    "approx_date": "c. 1487–1519 CE",
    "era_sort": 1500,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Manuscripts incl. Forster Codex and Codice Atlantico ('io Lionardo')",
    "significance": "Rare autographs from the defining Renaissance polymath, who seldom signed paintings.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_signature_from_Forster_codex.svg",
    "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Signatures_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci",
    "notes": "Wrote in mirror-script; 19+ signature files on Commons.",
    "met_query": "Leonardo da Vinci drawing",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_signature_from_Forster_codex.svg/960px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_signature_from_Forster_codex.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-leonardo-da-vinci.png",
    "met_object_id": 337494,
    "met_title": "Compositional Sketches for the Virgin Adoring the Christ Child, with and without the Infant St. John the Baptist; Diagram of a Perspectival Projection (recto); Slight Doodles (verso)",
    "met_date": "1480–85",
    "met_culture": "Drawings and Prints",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/dp/web-large/DP832657.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/337494",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-leonardo-da-vinci.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Albrecht Dürer",
    "approx_date": "c. 1494–1528 CE",
    "era_sort": 1500,
    "category_type": "monogram mark",
    "what_was_signed": "Paintings/engravings/woodcuts bearing the nested 'AD' monogram (e.g., 1500 Self-Portrait)",
    "significance": "First artist's trademark defended in court — the pioneer of artistic copyright.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Monogramm.svg",
    "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monogram_of_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer",
    "notes": "A device/brand mark plus a cursive hand in letters.",
    "met_query": "Albrecht Durer engraving",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Monogramm.svg/960px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Monogramm.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-albrecht-d-rer.png",
    "met_object_id": 436243,
    "met_title": "Salvator Mundi",
    "met_date": "ca. 1505",
    "met_culture": "European Paintings",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ep/web-large/DP-38479-001.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436243",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-albrecht-d-rer.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Christopher Columbus",
    "approx_date": "c. 1493–1506 CE",
    "era_sort": 1502,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph (sigla)",
    "what_was_signed": "Letters incl. to the Office of St. George (Seville, 1502); cryptic pyramidal sigla S·A·S / X·M·Y / Xpo FERENS",
    "significance": "One of history's most mysterious signatures — a cipher he ordered his heirs to keep using.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus_Signature.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus",
    "notes": "Upper tiers of the cipher remain unresolved.",
    "met_query": "Age of Exploration navigation",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Columbus_Signature.svg/960px-Columbus_Signature.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-christopher-columbus.png",
    "met_object_id": 466311,
    "met_title": "Column Statue of a King",
    "met_date": "ca. 1150–60",
    "met_culture": "French",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/md/web-large/DP359502.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466311",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-christopher-columbus.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Henry VIII of England",
    "approx_date": "c. 1509–1547 CE",
    "era_sort": 1513,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Royal letters/decrees signed 'Henry R' (earliest confirmed 1513)",
    "significance": "Among the most collected and most forged royal autographs in history.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HenryVIIISig.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_Henry_VIII",
    "notes": "A dry-stamp device was used in his final illness; beware fakes.",
    "met_query": "Tudor England portrait",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HenryVIIISig.svg/960px-HenryVIIISig.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-henry-viii-of-england.png",
    "met_object_id": 23939,
    "met_title": "Armor Garniture of George Clifford (1558–1605), \nThird Earl of Cumberland",
    "met_date": "1586",
    "met_culture": "British, Greenwich",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/aa/web-large/DT259974.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/23939",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-henry-viii-of-england.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Martin Luther",
    "approx_date": "c. 1517–1546 CE",
    "era_sort": 1517,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Hundreds of letters incl. the 95 Theses cover letter to Archbishop Albert of Mainz (1517)",
    "significance": "Autograph letters among the most consequential documents of the Reformation.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_Signature.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther",
    "notes": "Signed 'Martinus LütheR D' with a raised-R flourish.",
    "met_query": "Reformation Cranach print",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Martin_Luther_Signature.svg/960px-Martin_Luther_Signature.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-martin-luther.png",
    "met_object_id": 436037,
    "met_title": "The Judgment of Paris",
    "met_date": "ca. 1528",
    "met_culture": "European Paintings",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ep/web-large/DP280358.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436037",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-martin-luther.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Queen Elizabeth I",
    "approx_date": "c. 1544–1603 CE",
    "era_sort": 1558,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "State documents/letters signed 'Elizabeth R' with an elaborate italic flourish",
    "significance": "One of the most recognizable autographs in English history.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England",
    "notes": "Distinctive humanist italic hand that evolved over her reign.",
    "met_query": "Elizabethan England portrait",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg/960px-Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-queen-elizabeth-i.png",
    "met_object_id": 22139,
    "met_title": "Armor of Sir James Scudamore (1558–1619)",
    "met_date": "ca. 1595–96; restored and completed, 1915",
    "met_culture": "British, Greenwich",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/aa/web-large/DP271845.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/22139",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-queen-elizabeth-i.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "Galileo Galilei",
    "approx_date": "c. 1595–1642 CE",
    "era_sort": 1610,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Very rare signed documents/letters (e.g., a 1595 Padua document)",
    "significance": "'Of the utmost rarity' — only a few authenticated specimens in private hands.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_Galilei_Signature_2.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei",
    "notes": "Two signature SVGs confirmed on Commons.",
    "met_query": "Galileo astronomy instrument",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Galileo_Galilei_Signature_2.svg/960px-Galileo_Galilei_Signature_2.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-galileo-galilei.png",
    "met_object_id": 377877,
    "met_title": "Galileo and personifications of Astronomy, Perspective and Mathematics, frontispiece for 'Opere di Galileo Galilei'",
    "met_date": "1656",
    "met_culture": "Drawings and Prints",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/dp/web-large/DP818079.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/377877",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-galileo-galilei.png"
  },
  {
    "name": "William Shakespeare",
    "approx_date": "1612–1616 CE",
    "era_sort": 1613,
    "category_type": "true cursive autograph",
    "what_was_signed": "Six signatures on four legal documents (Bellott v. Mountjoy deposition; Blackfriars deeds; the three-page will)",
    "significance": "Only six authenticated signatures survive — none on any literary manuscript.",
    "signature_image_available": "yes",
    "signature_image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_Signature.svg",
    "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting",
    "notes": "Secretary-hand; he spelled his own name differently across the six.",
    "met_query": "Jacobean England engraving",
    "sig_thumb_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/William_Shakespeare_Signature.svg/960px-William_Shakespeare_Signature.svg.png",
    "sig_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/sig-william-shakespeare.png",
    "met_object_id": 194067,
    "met_title": "Watch in the form of a Lesser George",
    "met_date": "ca. 1600",
    "met_culture": "European Sculpture and Decorative Arts",
    "met_image_url": "https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/es/web-large/DP340439.jpg",
    "met_object_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/194067",
    "met_local": "/Users/macstudio3/Projects/CelebritySignatures/tmp_oldest_cache/met-william-shakespeare.png"
  }
]